Analysing Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essays

Breaking down Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essays Breaking down Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Breaking down Changes Needed To Reduce Domestic Violence Social Work Essay The motivation behind this task is to frontal area the activity of household power in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Residential power is any occurrence of imperiling conduct, power or abuse ( mental, physical, sexual, financial or passionate ) between life partners or family unit individuals, independent of sex or sex ( Hester and Westmarland, 2005 ) . Blending to the British Crime Survey ( 2009 ) there were 293,000 episodes of residential power in 2008/2009 in the UK. ( Cited by The National Health Service { NHS } , 2009 ) . As household power is probably going to be under-detailed, the genuine figure for occurrences of residential power is likely a lot higher. Albeit both work powers and grown-up females can be influenced, 77 % of the individuals who experience household power are grown-up females. Local power is expanding every twelvemonth and changes should be tended to without further ado in the precinct of Barking and Dagenham. This task will put why changes are expected to chop down casualties of local power in the district of Barking and Dagenham. The district has perhaps the most elevated pace of household power across London with 4,506 episodes answered to the Police in 2009/10. Handling and cut bringing down household power is one of the cardinal priorities for the Community Safety Partnership and the Council. Residential power accounts for 22 % of notifiable offenses in Barking and Dagenham, and subsequently represents a genuine worry for a change ( Barking and Dagenham Domestic Violence Forum, 2009a ) In Barking and Dagenham intoxicant maltreatment other than impacts on local power figures and it is of import that the ward set up plans that will go to the injury brought about by intoxicant to the two guilty parties and casualties of residential power. Local power requests to be tended to on the grounds that it can hold an enormous outcome on individuals A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s mental wellbeing. It is presently acceptable acknowledged that abuse ( both in adolescence and in enormous life ) is every now and again one of the central factor in the improvement of misery, tension and other mental wellbeing upsets, and may take to kip irritations, self-hurt, implosion and endeavored implosion, eating upsets and substance misuse ( Golding J 1999, Humphreys et al 2003 ) . Kids who live with household power are at expanded risk of social employments and enthusiastic injury, and mental wellbeing inconveniences in large life. There ought to be various assaults in this precinct so as to prevent farther abuse of local power. These assaults should influence multi-office coaction and data sharing between the constabulary, guidance and wellbeing consideration experts and cultural administrations. The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham has a Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference ( MARAC ) which meets on a month to month balance. It tends to the requests of high risk casualties and it other than measures the residential power redundancy misuse rate. Current open introduction in 2009/2010 is 24 % against a one-year characteristic of 28 % . This demonstrates there is a lot to be done so as to make the one-year point. ( Barking and Dagenham Domestic Violence Forum, 2009b ) Residential power influences every single cultural gathering, including rich and hapless, hetero, indiscriminate, transsexual or gay individuals and even children. Hegarty and Taft ( 2001 ) recommended that grown-up females will open up data about abuse all the more promptly if wellbeing experts ask them to. It is of import, consequently, that health experts make a private situation where it is sheltered to talk about power. Work power are other than mishandled by female life partners. Be that as it may, residential power against guys is non ever recognized ( Lewis and Sarantakos, 2001 ) and little is thought about the Numberss of work powers who are manhandled or rewarded brutally by their life partners. Huge numbers of the impacts of abuse are the equivalent for work powers concerning grown-up females. They are probably going to encounter significantly embarrassed, scared, see lost self-esteem and affirmation, feel detached, liable and confounded about the situation ( Leonard, 2003 ) . The capacity of health experts A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ proactive mediation in the early assignment of residential power cases is significant for casualties and their children. An overview found that 80 % of grown-up females in a vicious relationship had looked for help from the wellbeing administration in any event one time Department of Health ( DH, 2000 ) . Also one of the a large portion of import requests of casualties flying power is course to safe, get enduring housing, and the capacity of housing experts can help in the underlying periods of assignment of the issue. Attention to residential power through open guidance requests to be raised. Examination shows that in the primary case, most local power casualties go to families and companions for help ( Humphreys, 2000 ) . Expanding the awareness of residential power among the general people is henceforth an of import part of expanding support for casualties. Open data requests to be promptly accessible in various phonetic interchanges, and be socially pertinent to dark and social minority networks inside the precinct of Barking and Dagenham. So as to usefully raise awareness among cardinal experts, residential power and great example readiness must be obligatory. Such planning must, in any case, be upheld by the advancement of clear strategies and processs inside associations that set away from of example and answerability. Medicinal services experts are the primary line reaction for some individuals who experience local power ( Du Plat-Jones, 2006 ) . In this manner awareness ought to be brought about the issue up in example and there ought to be top to bottom groundwork for health experts with in the precinct. Staffs require suitable planning and directing to build awareness and discernment of how to perceive and cover with residential power. Arraigning with kids and youthful individuals at the most punctual possibility is critical to hinder future local power. It is other than of import to gracefully those populating with local power of which children structure the biggest gathering with data and backing to better their security and look for help. Similarly great as protecting and propelling the security of children, schools need to remember local power for their course of study planning. Household power is a cardinal issue in the district of Barking and Dagenham and in UK in general, since it influences the health and open help of work powers, grown-up females and children. It is non limited to any one gathering in the public eye. It is of import to teach the masses about the cadence of power and the genuine and strong outcome this has on children furthermore to concede that local power against work powers is an expanding wellbeing issue. All wellbeing experts ought to go effectively associated with intruding on the quiet environing power, so they can gracefully a suitable and strong help. There is a lot of work in progress to go to this issue with in the district in footings of casualties and offenders. While great progression is being made inside the district of yelping and Dagenham, there is as yet significant work to be finished.

Translating Names of Minerals to Gemstones and Back

Making an interpretation of Names of Minerals to Gemstones and Back At the point when certain minerals pack under explicit conditions, frequently beneath the outside of the earth, a procedure happens which shapes another compound known as a gemstone. Gemstones can be made of at least one minerals, and subsequently, a few minerals allude to more than one gemstone name. So as to all the more likely comprehend the association between the two, reference the two diagrams underneath - the primary subtleties every gemstone and the minerals that consolidated to shape it and the second records every mineral and the gemstones it can deliver. For example, Quartz can shape Amethyst, Ametrine, Citrine, and Morion (and a couple of additional) gemstones relying upon which different minerals and components pack together and at what profundity in the earths covering and temperature the pressure happens at. How Gemstones Are Formed Most gemstones are shaped in either the outside or the exceptionally top layer of the earths mantle in the liquid magma rising in the profundities of the world, yet just peridot and precious stones are framed somewhere down in the mantle. All pearls, in any case, are mined in the hull where they can cool to set in the outside layer, which is comprised of molten, transformative and sedimentary stone. Like the minerals that make up gemstones, some are related with one sort of rock specifically while others have a few kinds of rock that go into the production of that stone. Volcanic gemstones are framed when magma hardens in the hull and solidifies to shape minerals then an expansion in pressure begins a progression of compound trades which inevitably cause the mineral to pack into a gemstone. Volcanic stone gemstones incorporate amethyst, citrine, ametrine, emeralds, morganite, and sea green/blue just as garnet, moonstone, apatite, and even precious stone and zircon. Gemstones to Minerals The accompanying graph fills in as an interpretation control among gemstones and minerals with each connection going to photographs of the jewels and minerals: Gemstone Name Mineral Name Achroite Tourmaline Agate Chalcedony Alexandrite Chrysoberyl Amazonite Microcline Feldspar Golden Golden Amethyst Quartz Ametrine Quartz Andalusite Andalusite Apatite Apatite Sea green/blue Beryl Aventurine Chalcedony Benitoite Benitoite Beryl Beryl Bixbite Beryl Bloodstone Chalcedony Brazilianite Brazilianite Cairngorm Quartz Carnelian Chalcedony Chrome Diopside Diopside Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl Chrysolite Olivine Chrysoprase Chalcedony Citrine Quartz Cordierite Cordierite Demantoid Garnet Andradite Precious stone Precious stone Dichroite Cordierite Dravite Tourmaline Emerald Beryl Garnet Pyrope, Almandine, Andradite, Spessartine, Grossularite, Uvarovite Goshenite Beryl Heliodor Beryl Heliotrope Chalcedony Hessonite Grossularite Hiddenite Spodumene Indigolite/Indicolite Tourmaline Iolite Cordierite Jade Nephrite or Jadeite Jasper Chalcedony Kunzite Spodumene Labradorite Plagioclase Feldspar Lapis Lazuli Lazurite Malachite Malachite Mandarin Garnet Spessartine Moonstone Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Albite, Microcline Feldspars Morganite Beryl Morion Quartz Onyx Chalcedony Opal Opal Peridot Olivine Pleonast Spinel Quartz Quartz Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite Rhodolite Almandine-Pyrope Garnet Rubellite Tourmaline Rubicelle Spinel Ruby Corundum Sapphire Corundum Sard Chalcedony Scapolite Scapolite Schorl Tourmaline Sinhalite Sinhalite Sodalite Sodalite Spinel Spinel Sugilite Sugilite Sunstone Oligoclase Feldspar Taaffeite Taaffeite Tanzanite Zoisite Titanite Titanite (Sphene) Topaz Topaz Tourmaline Tourmaline Tsavorite Garnet Grossularite Turquoise Turquoise Uvarovite Uvarovite Verdelite Tourmaline Violan Diopside Zircon Zircon Minerals to Gemstones In the accompanying graph, the minerals in the segment on the left mean the gemstone name on the right, with joins contained in that sending to more data and extra of the minerals and gemstones related. Mineral Name Gemstone Name Albite Moonstone Almandine Garnet Almandine-Pyrope Garnet Rhodolite Golden Golden Andalusite Andalusite Andradite Demantoid Garnet Apatite Apatite Benitoite Benitoite Beryl Sea green/blue, Beryl, Bixbite, Emerald, Goshenite, Heliodore, Morganite Brazilianite Brazilianite Chalcedony Agate, Aventurine, Bloodstone, Carnelian, Chrysoprase, Heliotrope, Jasper, Onyx, Sard Chrysoberyl Alexandrite, Chrysoberyl Cordierite Cordierite, Dichroite, Iolite Corundum Ruby, Sapphire Precious stone Precious stone Diopside Chrome Diopside, Violan Grossular/Grossularite Hessonite, Tsavorite Garnet Jadeite Jade Lazurite Lapis Lazuli Malachite Malachite Microcline Feldspar Amazonite, Moonstone Nephrite Jade Oligoclase Feldspar Sunstone Olivine Chrysolite, Peridot Opal Opal Orthoclase Feldspar Moonstone Plagioclase Feldspar Moonstone, Labradorite Pyrope Garnet Quartz Amethyst, Ametrine, Cairngorm, Citrine, Morion, Quartz Rhodochrosite Rhodochrosite Scapolite Scapolite Sinhalite Sinhalite Sodalite Sodalite Spessartine Mandarin Garnet Sphene (Titanite) Titanite Spinel Pleonast, Rubicelle Spodumene Hiddenite, Kunzite Sugilite Sugilite Taaffeite Taaffeite Topaz Topaz Tourmaline Achroite, Dravite, Indigolite/Indicolite, Rubellite, Schorl, Verdelite Turquoise Turquoise Uvarovite Garnet, Uvarovite Zircon Zircon Zoisite Tanzanite

The Problem with Common Sense

The Problem with Common Sense Human beings do the strangest things. We forsake our health. We eat junkfood. We sit in front of the television for hours. We ignore our most important relationships. We pacify ourselves with stuff. We go into debt. We refuse to do difficult work for fear of failure. We  imbibe  in ephemeral indulgences that leave us fat on the outside and empty inside. Changing any of these bad behaviors will certainly lead to a more meaningful  existence  for anyone. This seems like common sense, right? Yes, it is common sense. But the problem with common sense is that common sense isnt too common these days. It seems weve eschewed common sense in favor of the quick fix, in favor of whats easy, in favor of tantalizing shortcuts. But in the real world, there are no shortcuts; there are only direct routes. Receive free common-sense essays from The Minimalists via email.

Are Western Management Concepts (Like Hrd) Applicable...

Are western management concepts (like HRD) applicable worldwide? â€Å"Every aspect of a firms activities is determined by the competence, motivation and general effectiveness of its human organization. Of all the tasks of management, managing the human component is the most important task because all else depends upon how well it is done.†(Likert 1967). Although this quote has already over 40 years of age, the core statement has not changed in any way. Still, managers have to focus on the people working in their companies, need to take differences among them into account and especially when it comes to managing in various countries, cultural, natural and unavoidable differences have to be taken into consideration ( Hofstede 1987). Regarding†¦show more content†¦First of all, Hofstede (1987) explains his idea of the four dimensions that show the main and dominant value patterns that exist among 50 countries worldwide: 1.Individualism vs. Collectivism, 2. Large vs. small power Distance, 3. Strong vs. weak Uncertainty Avoidance and 4 . Masculinity vs. Femininity. Each dimension is â€Å"related to some very fundamental issues in human societies, but issues to which societies can produce different answers†(Hofstede 1987, p.12). This sentence makes it already clear, that whatever is related and connected to those dimensions can be seen in a different way depending on what kind of society you are looking at. In his studies he lays his focus on differences between the US, the Dutch and the South East Asian, particularly Indonesian, dimensions and to what extend the term HRD differs because of those dissimilarities. Hofstede (1987) demonstrates very well that each of the mentioned countries differs a lot when it comes to the four dimensions. Whereas South East Asia is living in a world of Collectivism and has a large Power Distance, the US and the Netherlands are more individualistic and have a small Power Distance. Masculinity in the US is very high where in Indonesia there is a good balance of Masculinity an d Femininity (Hofstede 1987). You see that there are existing dissimilarities among the dimensions and if we now take into accountShow MoreRelatedStudy on Customer Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction at Credit Card in the Context of Prime Bank Limited†12516 Words   |  51 PagesMohakhali Branch, Dhaka for their nice co-operation. I would also like to express my appreciation to the people who have helped all through the internship work. Above all, this report is a combined effort of my sincerity, efficiency and determination. However, I hope that this course as well as this work experience will help me to build my career in a successful and precise way in this arena. 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All nations can fully benefit from these opportunities on the condition that they meet the challenges posed by these informationRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesChanging Nature of Human Resource Management After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: ââ€"  Identify four major HR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss whyRead MoreNational Bank Essay19811 Words   |  80 Pagesimplementation of various policies and promises made by the Government. National Bank Limited plays a pioneering role in handling foreign trade and foreign exchange transactions. With wide network of branches at home and a large number of correspondent banks worldwide, it is handling the largest volume of export-import business including homebound remittances. For this reason, Foreign Exchange of the Bank is very much essential. But now a day’s banking sector of Bangladesh is suffering the disease of default culture

Essay about Personal Writing - Mistake - 1194 Words

Personal Writing - Mistake He sat there, eyes locked onto the screen. It cast an eerie glow onto his face, the only source of light in the otherwise dark room. His eyes never moving, he ran his fingers over the keys, hammering them clumsily. The long day at school had taken its toll on him. No one understood him. It filled him with a burning hate. His fellow students avoided him as if he had some sort of hideous abnormality. The teachers picked on him just because he did things differently. Accusing him of cheating, of plagiarism, of copying that woman, his maths teacher had kept him in an hour after school. Upon arriving home he had wisely to go quickly to his room, avoiding contact with his†¦show more content†¦After all, its good to spend time with your friend. His blue clock with roman numerals sat on the wall, and on his wrist loosely fastened, lay his leather strapped watch. Both ticked menacingly, both swallowed his precious time, both opposed him. As his fingers moved he recalled how he had found this line of work. A single post on a digital bulletin board that read Make big money by providing a service!. The money had drawn his eyes towards it, and he had read the post with great interest. It had contained a link to an underground site that briefly outlined: how it would be done; how employers could be found; and most importantly, the pay. In small black writing at the bottom had been a small reminder of the risks. He hardly even gave it a second glance. He had found himself the necessary tools and underground sources, and had taught himself slowly how to do it smoothly. He had started off small at first. Three figured fees had slowly become four figured. These in turn became five figured. He thought of what he did and the word used to describe it. Hacking. What a harsh word he thought. People who didnt understand it thought of it as a bad thing. He thought of it for what it was. An art. 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People committed crime because of many reasons Free Essays

Question 3: People committed crime because of many reasons. From your own point of view, give three (3) reasons why people commit crimes? A crime is an illegal action or activity for which a person can be punished by law. Some people define crime as an act of offence towards the morality of humans. We will write a custom essay sample on People committed crime because of many reasons or any similar topic only for you Order Now Others might regard crime as an act that harms the universal human rights. Therefore, why do people still commit crimes? There are many reasons why people commit crimes. Some crimes were committed because of hunger, need money, hatred and anger. Meanwhile, the example of crime is robbed, kidnap, burglary, steal and other. The most serious crime is killing another person although their beloved one or their family. Crime is not known about the love and sympathy towards the victim. The first reason is people commit crimes because of their hunger. They steal the food from stall and also from market to fulfill their stomach. This is because they don’t have enough money to buy it. And also the price of food is expensive. For example, the price for one piece of chicken is RM2. 50. The price had burden for certain people. So, they commit to do crimes as their stomach full and not hunger again. Usually, a poor parents steal the food for their children to make them silent crying from hunger. Move on to the next point, the other reason why people commit crimes because of the money. All people need money for survive their life. Nowadays, people just only see who only had money and they will ignore about the people that under privileged. Otherwise, people need money because they want to pay the debt. Also they need in fast time and don’t know where to get it. So, they will rob at the bank and the luxurious house. Sometimes, it can be a serious crime when they kill the owner of a house or the employee at the bank. They do not care about the victim as they get the money. Moreover, the drugs addict that kill their blood family for buy drug. Last but not least, people commit crimes because of their anger and hatred. It also can be called as their selfish reason. This happen when the one person doing something out of control to other person. For example, the current issues at school like bullying. So, the bullying victim will revenge to the person that had bullying him/her. This may make serious crime like killing someone or beat their organ until paralyzed for the rest of life. As a conclusion, people commit crime because of their self. They need to control their emotion and know what they do is a wrong way and not good for their next generation. In addition, it gives bad influence and the crimes cannot be banned again. So, the government must play their best role to give the punishment to the criminal like a death penalty for the drugs addict and serious crimes. The reason why people commit crime because of their hunger, need money, anger and hatred can be solve if each of people give the best commitment and not to selfish. (505 words) How to cite People committed crime because of many reasons, Essay examples

Willie, The Angelic Child Monologue Essay Example For Students

Willie, The Angelic Child Monologue Essay A monologue by Walter Ben Hare NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Readings and Monologues A La Mode. Walter Ben Hare. Minneapolis: T.S. Denison Co., 1921. Good afternoon, Mrs. Boyer. How do you do, ladies! Isn\t it a lovely day. I saw some cars out in front, Mrs. Boyer, and I thought Willie and I would just drop over and spend the afternoon with you. Willie is so fond of company. Say How do you do to the ladies, Willie. No, no, now, mamma\s baby mustn\t be so bashful. Speak up like a little man and say How do you do! No, you can\t have a piece of cake. The very idea. Mrs. Boyer isn\t going to give you any cake, and I\m sure I haven\t any. Just sit on that little chair over there and be a good boy. He\s such an interesting child! Oh, you\re going to play auction? Go right ahead with your game, don\t mind us. Willie just adores to see ladies play auction. We\ll just sit here and talk to you while you play. Willie, you mustn\t touch that vase, you\re liable to break it. Vases weren\t made for little boys to play with. Don\t you just adore children, Mrs. Boyer? We will write a custom essay on Willie, The Angelic Child Monologue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I think they\re so interesting when they\re Willie\s age. It\s a real charm and education to watch the development of their little minds, the unfolding of the bud, as it were. Yes, he\ll be five in January. Isn\t he remarkable for his age? No, Willie, no! Mamma says no. That\s the dummy, you mustn\t touch the cards. Oh, he\s got them all mixed up. Naughty, naughty Willie. But doesn\t it show just how rapidly his mind is developing? He just adores auctions. Willie, Willie, put that cushion down. Put that cushion right back in the chair. Mrs. Boyer doesn\t like little boys who pull cushions out of chairs. No, no, sonny, you mustn\t talk to the ladies when they are playing auction. It\s so hard to keep him quiet. He talks and talks and talks! He has a positive genius for oratory. Why, only last month he recited a selection at the Sunday school entertainment. His father heard him, and he was the proudest man in town. Right then and there we decided that Willie should be a lawyer, or a st atesman. He recited Little Robin Redbreast and it would have brought tears to your eyes. He\s so emotional. He feels every word he utters. Willie, suppose you recite Little Robin Redbreast for the ladies. Stand right out here in front now. Toes out. Shoulders back. Now, make your bow. Just a moment, Miss Steel, surely you wouldn\t care to go on playing auction when Willie is about to recite! Now, Willie, begin! I\m a little robin redbreast, sir! Go on, petty, speak it out nice and loud. My nest is in the tree, that\s right. Now make your gesture. There\s the tree. Your nest is way up in the tree. Now, go on My nest is in the tree! That\s right, If you look up in yonder elm don\t forget the gesture there, Willie. My pleasant home you\ll see! Now, imitate the little bird. That\s rightskip over there. Willie, look out for the lamp! Now skip back again. Isn\t he a darling? I taught him that skip myself. Now the second verse, Willie. I have a secret I would like the little girls to know. Point to the little girls, Willie. There, isn\t that funny, he pointed right at you, Miss Steel. He thinks you are a little girl. Isn\t he precocious? Go on, now. But I won\t tell a single boy, they rob the poor birds so! Now act pathetic when you say that. Isn\t it wonderful the facial expression he has when he says they rob the poor birds so! Say it over again, Willie, and let Mrs. Boyer see your expression. She was dealing the cards and didn\t see the full emotion in your face. Yes, start from the very first. I\m a little robin redbreast. That\s right. Gesture to the right. Isn\t he graceful? Now the sk ip! Skip fast, Willie. Lift up your feet. Oh, the vase! He\s broken it. Willie, aren\t you ashamed to break Mrs. Boyer\s nice big vase? Come right over here to mamma, she\s got to kiss the naughty hand. You know, Mrs. Boyer, I always kiss his hands when he\s naughty and then he never forgets it. He really has a remarkable memory. He can recite several other pieces just as well as he can Little Robin Redbreast. Suppose you recite Little Orphant Annie for the pretty ladies, Willie. Oh, are you going, Miss Steel? I thought you always played auction all afternoon. Willie, Willie, put that hat down. You\re tearing it. You mustn\t mind him, Miss Steel. He\s only in innocent little baby. I don\t think it is hurt very much. Send it around to the Model and they\ll fix it just as good as new. Good-bye, Miss Steel. Come over and spend the afternoon with me some day. I\ll have Willie dance for you. He can dance the highland fling, and he gives the cutest movie imitations. Good-bye. She\s gone! Now three of you can\t play auction. We\ll just sit here and let Willie entertain us the rest of the afternoon. He\s better than a play!

The History and Invention of Pottery

The History and Invention of Pottery Of all the kinds of artifacts which may be found at archaeological sites, ceramicsobjects made from fired clayare surely one of the most useful. Ceramic artifacts are extremely durable and may last thousands of years virtually unchanged from the date of manufacture. And, ceramic artifacts, unlike stone tools, are completely person-made, shaped of clay and purposely fired. Clay figurines are known from the earliest human occupations; but clay vessels, pottery vessels used for storing, cooking and serving food, and carrying water were first manufactured in China at least 20,000 years ago. Yuchanyan and Xianrendong Caves Recently redated ceramic sherds from the Paleolithic/Neolithic cave site of Xianrendong in the Yangtse Basin of central China in Jiangxi province hold the earliest established dates, at 19,200-20,900 cal BP years ago. These pots were bag-shaped and coarse-pasted, made of local clay with inclusions of quartz and feldspar, with plain or simply decorated walls. The second oldest pottery in the world is from Hunan Province, at the karst cave of Yuchanyan. In sediments dated between 15,430 and 18,300 calendar years before the present (cal BP) were found sherds from at least two pots. One was partially constructed, and it was a wide-mouthed jar with a pointed bottom that looks very much like the Incipient Jomon pot illustrated in the photograph and about 5,000 years younger. The Yuchanyan sherds are thick (up to 2 cm) and coarsely pasted, and decorated with cord-marks on the interior and exterior walls. The Kamino Site in Japan The next earliest sherds are from the Kamino site in southwestern Japan. This site has a stone tool assemblage which appears to classify it as late Paleolithic, called Pre-ceramic in Japanese archaeology to separate it from the Lower Paleolithic cultures of Europe and the mainland. At the Kamino site in addition to a handful of potsherds were found micro blades, wedge-shaped microcores, spearheads and other artifacts similar to assemblages at Pre-ceramic sites in Japan dated between 14,000 and 16,000 years before the present (BP). This layer is stratigraphically below a securely dated Initial Jomon culture occupation of 12,000 BP. The ceramic sherds are not decorated and are very small and fragmentary. Recent thermoluminescence dating of the sherds themselves returned a 13,000-12,000 BP date. Jomon Culture Sites Ceramic sherds are also found, also in small quantities, but with a bean-impression decoration, in a half-dozen sites of the Mikoshiba-Chojukado sites of southwestern Japan, also dated to the late Pre-ceramic period. These pots are bag-shaped but somewhat pointed at the bottom, and sites with these sherds include the Odaiyamamoto and Ushirono sites, and Senpukuji Cave. Like those of the Kamino site, these sherds are also quite rare, suggesting that although the technology was known to the Late Pre-ceramic cultures, it just was not terribly useful to their nomadic lifestyle. In contrast, ceramics were very useful indeed to the Jomon peoples. In Japanese, the word Jomon means cord-mark, as in cord-marked decoration on pottery. The Jomon tradition is the name given to hunter-gatherer cultures in Japan from about 13,000 to 2500 BP, when migrating populations from the mainland brought full-time wet rice agriculture. For the entire ten millennia, the Jomon peoples used ceramic vessels for storage and cooking. Incipient Jomon ceramics are identified by patterns of lines applied onto a bag-shaped vessel. Later, as on the mainland, highly decorated vessels were also manufactured by the Jomon peoples. By 10,000 BP, the use of ceramics is found throughout mainland China, and by 5,000 BP ceramic vessels are found throughout the world, both independently invented in the Americas or spread by diffusion into the middle eastern Neolithic cultures. Porcelain and High-Fired Ceramics The first high-fired glazed ceramics were produced in China, during the  Shang  (1700-1027 BC) dynasty period. At sites such as Yinxu and Erligang, high-fired ceramics appear in the 13th-17th centuries BC. These pots were made from a local clay, washed with wood ash and fired in kilns to temperatures of between 1200 and 1225 degrees Centigrade to produce a high fired lime-based glaze. Shang and Zhou dynasty potters continued to refine the technique, testing different clays and washes, eventually leading to the development of true porcelain. See Yin, Rehren and Zheng 2011. By the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), the first mass pottery manufacturing kilns were begun at the imperial  Jingdezhen  site, and the beginning of export trade of Chinese porcelain to the rest of the world opened up.   Sources Boaretto E, Wu X, Yuan J, Bar-Yosef O, Chu V, Pan Y, Liu K, Cohen D, Jiao T, Li S et al. 2009. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(24):9595-9600. Chi Z, and Hung H-C. 2008. The Neolithic of Southern China–Origin, Development, and Dispersal. Asian Perspectives 47(2):299-329. Cui J, Rehren T, Lei Y, Cheng X, Jiang J, and Wu X. 2010. Western technical traditions of pottery making in Tang Dynasty China: chemical evidence from the Liquanfang Kiln site, Xian city. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(7):1502-1509. Cui JF, Lei Y, Jin ZB, Huang BL, and Wu XH. 2009. Lead Isotope Analysis Of Tang Sancai Pottery Glazes From Gongyi Kiln, Henan Province And Huangbao Kiln, Shaanxi Province. Archaeometry 52(4):597-604. Demeter F, Sayavongkhamdy T, Patole-Edoumba E, Coupey A-S, Bacon A-M, De Vos J, Tougard C, Bouasisengpaseuth B, Sichanthongtip P, and Duringer P. 2009. Tam Hang Rockshelter: Preliminary Study of a Prehistoric Site in Northern Laos. Asian Perspectives 48(2):291-308. Liu L, Chen X, and Li B. 2007. Non-state crafts in the early Chinese state: an archaeological view from the Erlitou hinterland. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 27:93-102. Lu TL-D. 2011. Early pottery in south China. Asian Perspectives 49(1):1-42. Mà ©ry S, Anderson P, Inizan M-L, Lechevallier, Monique, and Pelegrin J. 2007. A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at Nausharo (Indus Journal of Archaeological Science 34:1098-1116.civilisation, ca. 2500 BC). Prendergast ME, Yuan J, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(4):1027-1037. Shennan SJ, and Wilkinson JR. 2001. Ceramic Style Change and Neutral Evolution: A Case Study from Neolithic Europe. American Antiquity 66(4):5477-5594. Wang W-M, Ding J-L, Shu J-W, and Chen W. 2010. Exploration of early rice farming in China. Quaternary International 227(1):22-28. Yang X-Y, Kadereit A, Wagner GA, Wagner I, and Zhang J-Z. 2005. TL and IRSL dating of Jiahu relics and sediments: clue of 7th millennium BC civilization in central China. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(7):1045-1051. Yin M, Rehren T, and Zheng J. 2011. The earliest high-fired glazed ceramics in China: the composition of the proto-porcelain from Zhejiang during the Shang and Zhou periods (c. 1700-221 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 38(9):2352-2365.

Definition and Examples of Adages in English

Definition and Examples of Adages in English An adage is an ancient saying or maxim, brief and sometimes mysterious, that has become accepted as conventional wisdom. In classical rhetoric, an adage is also known as a rhetorical proverb or  paroemia. An adage- such as The early bird gets the worm- is a condensed and memorable expression. Often its a type of metaphor.It is sometimes claimed that the  expression old adage  is redundant, say the editors of the American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style,inasmuch as a saying must have a certain tradition behind it to count as an adage in the first place. But the word adage  [from the Latin for I say] is first recorded in the phrase old adage, showing that this redundancy is itself very old. Pronunciation:  AD-ij Examples Know thyself.Alls well that ends well.Out of nothing, nothing can come.Art lies in concealing the art.From flowers, bees make honey and spiders poison.A stitch in time saves nine.Not quantity, but quality.Make haste slowly.Physician, heal thyself.Respect thyself, if thou wouldst be respected by others.The people reign, the elite rule.Knowledge equals power.Love conquers all.If you want peace, prepare for war.Who will guard the guards?What hurts us instructs us.Whom the gods destroy they first make mad.Give your child to a slave, and instead of one slave you will have two.A great city is a great solitude.Carpe diem. (Seize the day.)Be mindful of dying.Better late than never.The squeaky wheel gets the grease. Adages and Cultural Values [C]onsider the cultural values that adages, or common sayings, express. What is meant by the American saying, Every man for himself? Does it reflect the idea that men, and not women, are the standard? Does it reflect individualism as a value? What is meant by The early bird catches the worm?Distinct values are expressed in adages from other cultures. What values are expressed in the Mexican proverb, He who lives a hurried life will soon die? How is this view of time different from dominant views of time in the United States? In Africa, two popular adages are The child has no owner and It takes a whole village to raise a child, and in China a common saying is No need to know the person, only the family (Samovar Porter, 2000). A Japanese adage states that it is the nail that sticks out that gets hammered down (Gudykunst Lee, 2002). What values are expressed by these sayings? How are they different from mainstream Western values and the language that embodies them?(Julia T. Wood, Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 7th ed. Wadsworth, 2013) Tools of Persuasion As indirect tools of persuasion, adages are understandably attractive to people who judge direct confrontation and criticism inappropriate in many contexts.(Ann Fienup-Riordan, Wise Words of the Yupik People. University of Nebraska Press, 2005) Age as a Part of Adage Dictionaries (with a single exception) affirm in one way or another that an adage is a long-established saying; therefore the old [in the expression old adage] is redundant. Incidentally, an expression that someone thought up yesterday is not an adage. To put it another wayand this is obviousage is a part of adage. (Theodore M. Bernstein, The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage. Simon Schuster, 1965) Safire on Adages Those of us who enjoy living in synonymy know that an adage is not quite as graven in collective wisdom as a proverb or a maxim; it is not as legalistic as a dictum or as scientific as an axiom or as sentimental as a homily or as corny as a saw, nor as formalized as a motto, but it is more rooted in tradition than an observation. (William Safire, Spread the Word. Times Books, 1999) The Adagia (Adages) of Desiderius Erasmus (1500; rev. 1508 and 1536) Erasmus was an avid collector of proverbs and aphorisms. He compiled all the expressions he could find in the works of the classical Greek and Latin authors he loved, and provided a brief history and explication for each one. When I considered the important contributions made to elegance and richness of style by brilliant aphorisms, apt metaphors, proverbs, and similar figures of speech, I made up my mind to collect the largest possible supply of such things. he wrote. So in addition to Know thyself, readers of Erasmuss Adages are treated to pithy accounts of the origins of such expressions as to leave no stone unturned, to cry crocodile tears, no sooner said than done, clothes make the man, and everyone thinks his own fart smells sweet. Erasmus added to and revised the book throughout his life, and by the time he died in 1536 he had collected and explained 4,151 proverbs. Erasmus intended the book to be a Bartletts Familiar Quotations for 16th-century after-dinner speakers: a resource for writers and public orators who wanted to spice up their speeches with well-placed quotes from the classics. (James Geary, The World in a Phrase: A Brief History of the Aphorism. Bloomsbury USA, 2005) Many hands make light work.Put the cart before the horseWalk the tightropeCall a spade a spadeBetween friends all is common.To die laughingLike father, like sonThe project of the Adages, like many manuals published in the 16th century, was to harvest all possible vestiges of antiquity and put them at the disposal of scholars. In this particular case, Erasmus sought to collect and explain proverbs, aphorisms, ï ¬ gurative expressions, all sorts of more or less enigmatic sayings. . . . An adage is like a bud that contains the latent promise of a flower, an enigmatic expression, a mystery to unravel. The ancients veiled their messages, deposited clues to their culture in their language; they wrote in code. The modern reader breaks the code, opens the coffers, takes out the secrets and publishes them, even at the risk of altering their force. The author of Adages [Erasmus] acted as an intermediary, made a profession of displaying and multiplying. So it was normal that his book, both cornucopia and organ of distribution, would operate with centrifugal dynamics. (Michel Jeanneret, Perpetual Motion: Transforming Shapes in the Renaissance from Da Vinci to Montaigne, 1997. Translated by Nidra Poller. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001) The Lighter Side of Adages: George Burns and Gracie Allen Special Agent Timothy McGee: I think its time you get back on that horse.Special Agent Ziva David: Youre getting a pony?Special Agent Timothy McGee: Its an adage.Special Agent Ziva David: I am not familiar with that breed.(Sean Murray and Cote de Pablo in Identity Crisis. NCIS, 2007)

Who is responsible for the Great Depression Essay

Who is responsible for the Great Depression - Essay Example (Heinrichs, 2012) Whether this was unprecedented or not, it is undeniable that great depression affected the world. It never practiced discretion; it affected both individual and companies. This paper holds that there are a number of factors that were responsible for the recession that affected the globe. This paper refutes the notion that has been put by other economists that President Hebert Hoover was responsible for the economic recession and its impacts. The economic crisis of 1930 is attributed to a myriad of intertwined complex factors. One of the common factors that is that there was over speculation in the stock market that was not regulated by the responsible authorities. The American stock market fell in 1929 and is often regarded as one of the great reasons of depression. The crash was preceded with period when the people of America discovered the stock market. The crash resulted into a serious loss of the individual and companies investments. Investors were left shaken given that the stock market brought a lot of excitement that drove most people to put their money into the economy. People were completed shattered when the banks erased the savings by the people including those who had not injected in the stock market. Despite the fact that recession was unavoidable, better policies and regulations could have been applied to avoid the failure by the banks. (Canterbery, 2011) The fed in 1929 took what economists regard as unprecedented move by cutting the supply of money by almost a third. The reaction literally chokes off any possibility of recovery. A myriad of banks in the country therefore suffered the problem of liquidity. The reaction of failing to bail out banks was regarded as harsh and did not help in addressing recession in the country. The similar effect was faced by the market in 1907 when the panic of selling sent the

American Revolution. Events in American Revolution Essay

American Revolution. Events in American Revolution - Essay Example Born in every era they shape the history of the country. American Revolution was guided by many such people who led the revolution from the front and made it successful. However the events that trigger the revolution are merely momentous and act as a trigger. Reasons for revolution get accumulated over a period of time. The societal unrest reaches its peak. Any event that occurs after that triggers the change that has been so desired. The causes that led to American Revolution were many. As we look back we see them as many dots which could be connected now to make the event logical. Social Structure of American society at the time of Revolution - American society at the time of Revolution was divided into multiple classes at the time of revolution. While some of these classes participated in the revolution, there were also others who were dissociated from the revolution by virtue of their social status. There was nobility from England members of who were self-made land owners in Amer ica. They were resourceful and wealthy. Tradesmen, merchants and land owners looked at freedom of enterprise for expansion and growth. This was growing middle class and was an active participant in revolution. The lower strata comprised workmen, indentured prisoners and Indians. This lower stratum did not really care about revolution as they were unable to relate with the new found freedom and were not expecting the change in government to bring about change in their lives. World over rise of leadership for revolutions and rebellions has always been through middle class. American Revolution was no exception. Leaders from this class were enlightened by thoughts of leaders of French and European revolutions. They yearned to bring about same changes in American society as well. Rule of British Parliament - Parliament of Britain thought of America as a colony, one amongst many they ruled. Naturally they wanted to impose their rules and regulations over America. Although Britain had emer ged victorious in French and Indian War, her economy suffered badly. Wanting to recover a debt-ridden economy, Britain demanded more revenue from colonies. Even if French were defeated, the colonies did not trust Britain for their protection. Series of Acts - From 1763 to 1769 Britain passed series of legislation imposing new taxes on America as a colony with the primary motive of generating more revenue. Some significant acts passed were as follows: Sugar Act (1764) – increasing duties on sugar imported from West Indies Currency Act (1764) – banning American assemblies from issuing paper bills or bills of credit Quartering Act (1765) – colonists to feed and house British soldiers. Stamp Act (1765) – direct tax imposed on marriage licenses, playing cards, newspapers etc. the revenue generated from this tax was meant for colonies to pay for their defence. Townshend Acts (1767) - colonial officials were given independence to impose their own taxes apart fro m the ones that are already imposed by British parliament. This independence further incurred taxes on glass, tea, paper etc. These taxes created unhappiness and furore in American society and were viewed as unjust and uncalled for. These acts severely restricted freedom of enterprise shrunk the size of profits or revenue earned and along with that came additional burden of feeding and housing British army. This resentment kept boiling for more than seven years and finally erupted into a revolution. People in America viewed themselves as citizens of New World and they strongly demanded that they should have legislative authority to decide what is best for them. According to them these acts were merely for additional revenue generation without consideration of people on whom these acts were imposed.

Tmj Closed Lock Syndrome Management Health And Social Care Essay

Tmj Closed Lock Syndrome Management Health And Social Care Essay Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a collective term has been defined as a group of conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscle of mastication and associated structures. These disorders are common, affecting at least 30% of the population.1 TMD can severely affect individuals daily activities and produce varying symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe function disability. Patients with TMD often presents with reduced mandibular function secondary to increased pain levels, reduced ability in chewing, limited mouth opening and during excursive movement of the joint. There are many causes of limited mandibular movement, closed lock is the most common presentation in the clinic. Closed lock is a well recognised condition. An estimated 2% of people with TMD suffer from a closed lock. 2 It has been suggested that condylar translation is limited by the failure of the disc to reduce, with the posterior band being trapped anterior to the condylar head. It was also proposed this condition was a result of reversible restriction in gliding movements of the disc caused by its adherence to the fossa. 3 These group of patients often complaints of jaw-opening difficulties such as pain, restriction and TMJ tightness. Macrotrauma to the structures of the joint through impact or extension injuries, and microtrauma either in the form of clenching or occlusal abnormalities may contributes in the aetiology of internal derangement with closed lock. A various treatment options have been considered to improve the symptoms of closed lock. Non-surgical approaches may consist of anti-inflammatory medications, muscle relaxants, splint therapy, physiotherapy, exercise, moist heat, stress management and soft diet or combination of thereof. In patients whom the symptoms proved refractory to non-invasive therapy, surgical management on the TMJ is generally considered. The aim of this dissertation is to discuss and analyse the published data to support the current management of TMJ closed lock syndrome. Literature Review There are many treatment modalities in management of TMJ closed lock. The two main approaches used are non-surgical and surgical treatment. Treatment efforts are directed toward: Reduction of pain using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Improvement in mouth opening and lateral movement Improvement in joint function. For most TMD, clinicians generally agree that non-surgical and non invasive care should precede surgery. However, for TMJ closed lock, surgery has been described as preferable. 4 Non Surgical Treatment A range of conservative treatments including physiotherapy, occlusal bite splints, NSAIDS, muscle relaxants, stress management and soft diet are available. Minakuchi et al5 conducted a randomized controlled evaluation of non-surgical treatments for closed lock. 232 patients were randomly allocated to one of three group control, self-care plus NSAIDs, or occlusal appliance jaw mobilization plus self-care/NSAIDs. The subjects were observed over 2 months period. All three experimental groups had significant improvement in their signs and symptoms with time. The self-care/ NSAIDs group showed more improvements in the daily activities limitation compared with the other two groups. However, this difference was present only for two review appointment, and during the last review at 8 weeks, there were no significant group difference. These data suggests the gradual improvement in signs and symptoms was non-specific and was not related to the type of treatment, but more to the passage of time. Lundh et al 6 carried out a randomized controlled study on 51 patients. These patients are treated with a flat occlusal splint or to serve as an untreated control group. It is noted that at the end of 12 months period, 16% of patients in control group and 40% of patients treated with splints, the symptoms were worse than at the beginning at the study. In addition, 36% of patients in the control group improved after 1 year without treatment. This study indicates that aggressive treatment modalities should not be used in the initial phase of closed lock. Instead, counselling and adequate pain medication seems to be a reasonable treatment approach. Surgical Treatment Surgery on the temporomandibular joint is generally only considered when non-invasive therapy proved unsuccessful. Closed lock is usually associated with permanent disc displacement, and this condition is frequently resistant to conservative treatment. The primary role of surgery is physical debridement, repair and removal of diseased tissue that cause pain and dysfunction within the TMJ. The primary aim of surgery is to reduce the symptoms of pain and to improve joint function of individuals. The historical perspective on temporomandibular surgery dates back to 1887 when Annadale7 reported two successful operations to reposition and secure the disc in two patients. Condylectomy In 1957 Henry and Baldrige8 described the condylectomy operation. They emphasized the preservation of the disc, and limited bone reduction to increase joint space, and relieve irritation to nerve-bearing tissues. Condylectomy was formerly extensive used, but has many disadvantages 9. It often leads to ramus shortening with resultant of malocclusion and mandibular deviation to the side of the surgery. Ward 10 in a review of 21 patients, who he followed for periods of up to three years, reported a high success rate. Banks and MacKenzie 11 in a much larger series of 211 patients reported 91% of them to be cured or improved by surgery. However, in a follow-up of patients by Lindahl 12, a high prevalence of persistent pain and dysfunction was still evident. Arthroscopy Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy is a new method for the management of acute, subacute, and sometimes chronic limitation of movement of the TMJ. The miniaturised arthroscopy to the TMJ first appeared by Ohnishi 13 in the Japanese literature in 1975. It is used as diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. It has been postulated that it improves limited joint movement by lysis and lavage of fibrotic adhesions, and reductions of surface adherence on articulating joint spaces. Sanders et al 14 conducted 40 arthroscopic procedures on 25 patients during the mid 1980s in management of closed lock. All patients showed improvement and eventually asymptomatic after the procedures. They have good range of opening and have little preauricular pain after. Moses et al 15 did a retrospective studies on 237 patient with 419 TMJ joints. 63% of patients reported to have an increase in opening and in these 73% having an interincisal opening of 40mm or greater after 1 year post treatment. 97% of these patients thought their surgery was successful and 82% stated that would undergo the procedure again. The results of this study appear that the arthroscopic procedure has a definite value in the treatment of TMJ internal derangement. White et al 16 undertook a similar study on 66 patients with 100 TMJ joints. The overall postoperative increase in maximal incisor opening was 38.4%. 85.7% of the patients rated their postoperative pain and function greatly and moderately improved and 100% of the patients stated they would have the arthroscopic surgery again. However, a failure rate of 7.5% was noted by the objective criteria. Clark et al 17 also reported decreased in mean pain score value by 57%, also an improvement of 67% jaw function in 18 patients after 2 years postarthroscopic surgical treatment. Davis at al 3 evaluated 51 patients, with 80 joints with closed lock that were treated with arthroscopic surgery. Results showed that an immediate improvement after the treatment and followed by a more gradual improvement during the next 6 months, with a plateau in improvement thereafter. Kurita et al 18 also evaluated the correlation between preoperative mouth opening and surgical outcome after arthroscopic surgery. 12 of the 14 patients (86%) showed good reduction in pain and improved range of jaw movement. However, 2 patients showed no improvement after the treatment and require open surgical procedures. The 2 failed cases had 10 and 19mm opening respectively before the treatment. The author concluded that limitation of mouth opening less than 22mm may be a relative contraindication to arthroscopic treatment. The main disadvantage of this study is that the number of patients in this study is very small. Abd-Ul-Salam et al 19 conducted a retrospective study to investigate the incidence of reoperation after TMJ arthroscopic surgery in 315 consecutive patients (488 patients). He documented a 22% incidence of further surgery arthroscopy or open surgery after TMJ arthroscopic surgery. Arthrocentesis TMJ arthrocentesis was first described by Nitzan et al 20 in 1991 for the treatment of temporomandibular joint pain and movement restriction. Nitzan et al 20 described this technique as irrigation on the upper joint compartment with Ringers solution. The injected fluid enables the disc to slide and thereby re-establishes normal maximal opening in closed lock. The treatment was shown to be effective, providing significant improvement in maximal mouth opening and lateral movement, and decreased in pain level and disturbance in jaw function involved 17 joints in 17 patients. The overall success rate is 91%. Nitzan et al 21 conducted another study in 1997 on 39 patients with 40 joints with severe closed lock. The overall improvement, as expressed in pain and dysfunction levels, was about 95%, with no recurrence of severe closed lock. A prospective study done by Dimitroulis 22 using the same technique on 46 patients with acute limitation of mouth opening, showed significant improved in pain, jaw opening and function. Hosaka et al 23 evaluated the outcome of arthrocentesis for TMJ with closed lock at a 3 years follow-up in 20 patients. The success rate was 70% at 6 months follow-up and increase to 78.9% over the 3 years of follow-up. The literature showed stable good outcome at 3 years follow-up as compared to 6 months. Alpaslan et al 24 conducted a 5 year retrospective to evaluate the long-term outcome of TMJ arthrocentesis on 34 patients with 48 joints. There was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the maximal mouth opening. Pain and dysfunction levels were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than pre-operative values. 26% of patients were pain free and 88% of patients had less pain than before. Eminectomy An alternative surgical approach to the treatment of closed lock of the temporomandibular joint is eminectomy. The surgery involves reduction of the articular eminence of the TMJ, provides greater freedom of movement between the condyle disc and the reduced articular eminence. Stassen et al 25 conducted a pilot study of the use of eminectomy in the treatment of closed lock in 18 patients. Results show significant increase in mouth opening and a decrease in pain. Both the improvement in inter incisal distance and reduction of symptoms were found to be statistically significant (P

Organizational Development

CASE STUDY MODULE 17 ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PQHRM/53-025 H E B MARASINGHE Contents Acknowledgement3 Introduction to the case study4 Literature Review5 What is OD intervention ? 5 Factors That Impact the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings,5 Intervention Categories7 The process of Organizational Development9 Change management11 Report to be given to CEO of Nuran food products12 Implementing an effective and successful OD process12 Impact of Closing down of plant in Kandy15 Recommendations16Acknowledgement I would like to thank all the lecturers at the Institute of Personnel Management, specially to all the tutors who guided and helped me to complete the 17th module case study successfully. And all my friends who helped me in numerous ways to complete the case study and to understand the subject matter. Introduction to the case study Nuran food products (NFP) is supplier of processed bottle food products to leading super market chain. Presently two fac tories are operating one in Kandy and the other plant in Colombo.Both of the plants uses traditional simple techniques in the production process, and these plants are operated by extremely loyal employees to the organization but not very educated and with very limited English knowledge. Presently the company is enjoying a good market share and the management has considered renovating the factories with state of the art equipment with the view of enhancing the production capacity. If new machinery is bought in the Colombo plant itself alone can meet the current market demand, and the Kandy plant could be closed down to minimize the overhead cost and to maximize the revenues.The new processing machinery equipment requires sophisticated skills from production operators including reading technical manuals, operating computerized equipment and performing a wide variety of other tasks. The vendor suggests that the new equipment is most effective when the employees are organized in to self managed teams. Presently the workforce is 65, and with the new modernized plant it will only require 55 employees. A manager who is supporting the modernization process has said that only 10 jobs are affected, and the HR implications are minimal.Under the case study a detail study will be carried out on all implications of the plant modernization in Colombo and Closure of plant in Kandy. Literature Review Considering the above scenario the organization is planning to do a development to the current organization. What is organization development? Organizational development is concerned with the planning and implementation of programmes designed to enhance the effectiveness with which an organization functions and responds to change. Overall, the aim is to adopt a planned and coherent approach to improving organizational effectiveness.An effective organization can be defined broadly as one that achieves its purpose by meeting the wants and needs of its stakeholders, matching its reso urces to opportunities, adapting flexibly to environmental changes and creating a culture that promotes commitment, creativity, shared values and mutual trust. An organization is the planned coordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some common explicit purpose or goal, through division of labor and function, and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility – (Edgar Shein) An organization development is done through planned organization interventions.What is OD intervention ? The term Intervention refers to a set of sequenced, planned actions or events intended to help an organization to increase its effectiveness. Interventions purposely disrupt the status quo; they are deliberate attempts to change an organization or sub-unit toward a different and more effective state Criteria for Effective Interventions In OD three major criteria define the effectiveness of an intervention: 1. The Extent to Which it (the Intervention) fits the need s of the organization. 2. The degree to which it is based on causal knowledge of intended outcomes 3.The extent to which the OD intervention transfers change-management competence to organization members. Factors That Impact the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings, 1. Factors relating to Change Situation: These relate to the environment of the organization and include the physical and human environment. 2. Factors Related to the Target of Change: These relate to the specific targets at which OD interventions are targeted. The targets of change can be different issues of the organization and at different levels Factors relating to Change Situation I.Readiness for Change: Intervention success depends heavily on the organization being ready for planned change. II. Capability to Change: Managing planned change requires particular knowledge and skills including the ability to motivate change, to lead change, to develop political support, to manage transition , and to sustain momentum. III. Cultural Context: The national culture within which an organization is embedded can exert a powerful influence on members’ reactions to change, and so intervention design must account for the cultural values and assumptions held by organization members.IV. Capabilities of the Change Agent (OD Consultant): The success of OD interventions depend to a great extent on the expertise, experience and talents of the consultant. Factors Related to the Target of Change: A. Organizational Issues I. Strategic Issues: Strategic issues refer to major decisions of organizations such as what products or services to offer, which markets to serve, mergers, acquisitions, expansions, etc. II. Technology and Structure Issues: These refer to issues relating to how organizations divide their work amongst departments and how they coordinate between departments.III. Human Resource Issues: These issues are concerned with attracting competent people to the organization, setting goals for them, appraising and rewarding their performance, and ensuring that they develop their careers and manage stress. IV. Human Process Issues: These issues have to do with social processes occurring among organization members, such as communication, decision-making, leadership, and group dynamics. B. Organizational LevelsOD interventions are aimed at different levels of the organization: individual, group, organization and trans-organization (for example different offices of the organization around the globe; or between organization and its suppliers, customers, etc. ) Intervention Categories Human Process Interventions A. The following interventions deal with interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. I. T Groups: The basic T Group brings ten to fifteen strangers together with a professional trainer to examine the social dynamics that emerge from their interactions. II.Process Consultation: This intervention focuses on interpersonal relations and social dynamics occurring in work groups. III. Third Party Interventions: This change method is a form of process consultation aimed at dysfunctional interpersonal relations in organizations. IV. Team Building: This intervention helps work groups become more effective in accomplishing tasks. B. The following Interventions deal with human processes that are more system wide than individualistic or small-group oriented. I. Organization Confrontation Meeting: This change method mobilizes rganization members to identify problems, set action targets, and begin working on problems. II. Intergroup Relations: These interventions are designed to improve interactions among different groups or departments in organizations. III. Large-group Interventions: These interventions involve getting abroad variety of stakeholders into a large meeting to clarify important values, to develop new ways of working, to articulate a new vision for the organization, or to solve pressing organizational problems. IV. Grid Organ ization Development: This normative intervention specifies a particular way to manage an organization.Techno-Structural Interventions These interventions deal with an organization’s technology (for examples its task methods and job design) and structure (for example, division of labor and hierarchy). These interventions are rooted in the disciplines of engineering, sociology, and psychology and in the applied fields of socio-technical systems and organization design. Consultants place emphasis both on productivity and human fulfillment. I. Structural Design: This change process concerns the organization’s division of labor – how to specialize task performances.Diagnostic guidelines exist to determine which structure is appropriate for particular organizational environments, technologies, and conditions. II. Downsizing: This intervention reduces costs and bureaucracy by decreasing the size of the organization through personnel layoffs, organization redesign, and outsourcing. III. Re-engineering: This recent intervention radically redesigns the organization’s core work processes to create tighter linkage and coordination among the different tasks Human Resource Management Interventions I. Goal Setting: This change program involves setting clear and challenging goals.It attempts to improve organization effectiveness by establishing a better fit between personal and organizational objectives. II. Performance Appraisal: This intervention is a systematic process of jointly assessing work-related achievements, strengths and weaknesses, III. Reward Systems: This intervention involves the design of organizational rewards to improve employee satisfaction and performance. IV. Career Planning and development: It generally focuses on managers and professional staff and is seen as a way of improving the quality of their work life.V. Managing workforce diversity: Important trends, such as the increasing number of women, ethnic minorities, and phys ically and mentally challenged people in the workforce, require a more flexible set of policies and practices. VI. Employee Wellness: These interventions include employee assistance programs (EAPs) and stress management. Strategic Interventions These interventions link the internal functioning of the organization to the larger environment and transform the organization to keep pace with changing conditions. I.Integrated Strategic Change: It argues that business strategies and organizational systems must be changed together in response to external and internal disruptions. A strategic change plan helps members manage the transition between a current strategy and organization design and the desired future strategic orientation. II. Trans organization development: This intervention helps organizations to enter into alliances, partnerships and joint ventures to perform tasks or solve problems that are too complex for single organizations to resolve III.Merger and Acquisition Integration : This intervention describes how OD practitioners can assist two or more organizations to form a new entity. IV. Culture Change: This intervention helps organizations to develop cultures (behaviors, values, beliefs and norms) appropriate to their strategies and environments. V. Self-designing organizations: This change program helps organizations gain the capacity to alter themselves fundamentally. It is a highly participative process, involving multiple stakeholders in setting strategic directions and designing and implementing appropriate structures and processes.VI. Organization learning and knowledge management. The process of Organizational Development Source : http://roblamothe. hubpages. com The Organizational Development (OD) process is complicated and it takes long time to complete the process. It takes minimum of one year and sometimes continues indefinitely. There are different approaches to OD process but the typical process consists of seven steps, viz. , initial diagn osis, data collection, data feedback and confrontation, action planning and problem solving, team building, inter group development and evaluation and follow up. . Initial Diagnosis: If executives recognize that there are inadequacies within organization which can be corrected by OD activities, it is necessary to find out the professional and competent people within the organization to plan and execute OD activities. If competent people are not available within the organization the services activities are to be taken. The consultants adopt various methods including interviews, questionnaires, direct observation, analysis of documents and reports for diagnosing the problem. 2. Data Collection:Survey method is used to collect the data and information for determining organizational climate and identifying the behavioral problems. 3. Data Feedback and Confrontation: Data collected are analyzed and reviewed by various work groups formed from this purpose in order to mediate in the areas of disagreement or confrontation of ideas or opinions and to establish priorities. 4. Selection and Design of Interventions: The interventions are the planned activities that are introduced into the system to accomplish desired changes and improvements.At this stage the suitable interventions are to be selected and designed. 5. Implementation of Intervention: The selected intervention should be implemented. Intervention may take the form of workshops, feedback of data to the participants, group discussions, written exercises, on-the-job activities, redesign of control system etc. Interventions are to be implemented steadily as the process is not short, quick for organizational malady. But it achieves real and lasting change in the attitudes and behavior of employees. 6.Action Planning and problem Solving: Groups prepare recommendations and specific action planning to solve the specific and identified problems by using data collected. 7. Team Building: The consultants encourage the e mployees throughout the process to form into groups and teams by explaining the advantages of the teams in the OD process, by arranging joint meetings with the managers, subordinates etc. 8. Inter group Development: The consultants encourage the inter group meetings, interaction etc. , after the formation of groups/teams.After identifying organizational development interventions the organization development process needs to be carried out. once the development is done the change process should take place, that is migrating from the old system to the new system. No matter how successful or suitable the OD process is if it fails to manage the transition period. Change management Above change management activities should be given priority. while appointing a change agent to drive the change management through. Report to be given to CEO of Nuran food products To: CEO of Nuran Food ProductsFrom: Harindra Marasinghe of XYZ company Subject: Implications of the proposed plant modernization in Colombo and closure of the Plant In Kandy Company is looking at an organization development process, that is it has shown the interest in improving its existing process in order to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency while gearing itself to meet external environment competition. This report will consist of following three sections, 1. Implementing an effective successful OD process 2. Impacts on closing down of Kandy Plant 3. RecommendationsImplementing an effective and successful OD process This OD process should make sure that it full fills the following, * It should be planned, * Implemented organization wide * Increase health and effectiveness of the organization * Planned interventions * Using behavioral science knowledge to understand people, business systems and their interactions How successful this process will be depending on the following, 1. How well this process suits the organization 2. what is the knowledge we have about the relevance of inputs and out puts o f this process 3.How well we can sustain this change management process Considering the above it is evident that the first two conditions are met beyond doubt, but the question is will it be sustainable? will the employees be able to adopt to the change? it is said by the vendor that the employees should be able to read the manuals which are in English and to operate the computerized equipment to get the most out from the new machinery, with the educational level the current employees have will they be able to cope up with this? Following could be suggested to overcome the present situation,Make the employees ready for change Let the employees understand why this change process is taking place and why it is important, what should be there contribution towards this process to be successful, listen to their suggestions and proposals. Make them a part of this change process. Give necessary skills to face the change situation The new processing machinery equipment requires sophisticated skills from production operators including reading technical manuals, operating computerized equipment and performing a wide variety of other tasks.The vendor suggests that the new equipment is most effective when the employees are organized in to self managed teams. Most of the employees have very limited English knowledge and reading the manuals will be a huge barrier, to overcome this it will be much easier to translate those manual to whatever language that they are familiar with rather than trying to teach them English which will be much time consuming and costly. Cultural Context The process have to suit the current traditional culture where supervisors make decisions and gives orders. his culture is successful in the company and should be maintained. Appointing a suitable change agent A change agent is an event, organization, material thing or, more usually, a person that acts as a catalyst for change. He/she should have a thorough have a understanding of the organization an d the process. Apart from the above following characteristics are vital, 1. Sensitivity to changes in key personnel, top management perceptions and market conditions, and to the way in which these impact the goals of the project. 2. Setting of clearly defined, realistic goals. . Flexibility in responding to changes without the control of the project manager, perhaps requiring major shifts in project goals and management style. 4. Team-building abilities, to bring together key stakeholders and establish effective working groups, and to define and delegate respective responsibilities clearly. 5. Networking skills in establishing and maintaining appropriate contacts within and outside the organization. 6. Tolerance of ambiguity, to be able to function comfortably, patiently and effectively in an uncertain environment. 7.Communication skills to transmit effectively to colleagues and subordinates the need for changes in the project goals and in individual tasks and responsibilities. 8. I nterpersonal skills, across the range, including selection, listening, collecting appropriate information, identifying the concerns of others, and managing meetings. 9. Personal enthusiasm in expressing plans and ideas. 10. Stimulating motivation and commitment in others involved. 11. Selling plans and ideas to others by creating a desirable and challenging vision of the future. 2. Negotiating with key players for resources, for changes in procedures, and to resolve conflict. 13. Political awareness in identifying potential coalitions, and in balancing conflicting goals and perceptions. 14. Influencing skills, to gain commitment to project plans and ideas from potential skeptics and resisters. 15. Helicopter perspectives, to stand back from the immediate project and take a broader view of priorities Above described is contingencies related to change situation. or this process to be implement smoothly following organization development interventions could be recommended, Human Proces s Interventions The following interventions deal with interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. 1. T Groups: The basic T Group brings ten to fifteen strangers together with a professional trainer to examine the social dynamics that emerge from their interactions. 2. Process Consultation: This intervention focuses on interpersonal relations and social dynamics occurring in work groups. 3.Third Party Interventions: This change method is a form of process consultation aimed at dysfunctional interpersonal relations in organizations. 4. Team Building: This intervention helps work groups become more effective in accomplishing tasks. The following Interventions deal with human processes that are more system wide than individualistic or small-group oriented. 1. Organization Confrontation Meeting: This change method mobilizes organization members to identify problems, set action targets, and begin working on problems. 2.Intergroup Relations: These interventions are designed to improve interactions among different groups or departments in organizations. 3. Large-group Interventions: These interventions involve getting abroad variety of stakeholders into a large meeting to clarify important values, to develop new ways of working, to articulate a new vision for the organization, or to solve pressing organizational problems. 4. Grid Organization Development: This normative intervention specifies a particular way to manage an organization. Human Resource Management Interventions 1.Goal Setting: This change program involves setting clear and challenging goals. It attempts to improve organization effectiveness by establishing a better fit between personal and organizational objectives. 2. Performance Appraisal: This intervention is a systematic process of jointly assessing work-related achievements, strengths and weaknesses, 3. Reward Systems: This intervention involves the design of organizational rewards to improve employee satisfaction and performance. 4. Career Plan ning and development: It generally focuses on managers and professional taff and is seen as a way of improving the quality of their work life. 5. Managing workforce diversity: Important trends, such as the increasing number of women, ethnic minorities, and physically and mentally challenged people in the workforce, require a more flexible set of policies and practices. 6. Employee Wellness: These interventions include employee assistance programs (EAPs) and stress management. above attention towards human resource will prepare the employees both mentally and physically to the change process. Above mentioned is the Human resource element of the OD process. ince the organization is changing techno structural intervention is important to the organization I. Structural Design: This change process concerns the organization’s division of labor – how to specialize task performances. Diagnostic guidelines exist to determine which structure is appropriate for particular organiz ational environments, technologies, and conditions. II. Downsizing: This intervention reduces costs and bureaucracy by decreasing the size of the organization through personnel layoffs, organization redesign, and outsourcing. III.Re-engineering: This recent intervention radically redesigns the organization’s core work processes to create tighter linkage and coordination among the different tasks Impact of Closing down of plant in Kandy Out of the 65 employees most of the employees who are attached to Kandy plant must be from surrounding neighborhood. As per HR manager the proposed new work force of 55 is adequate for the new operation, but the problem arises whether employees from Kandy are willing to travel to Colombo on daily basis, and even if they do what will be their output? If we terminate 10 employees what will be the mental impact on other employees? his might create questions about job security among other employees as well, and termination might have a negative imp act from the social perspective. Recommendations Human resource is the most vital asset that an any organization has. Nuran food products have been successful as result of its human resource. Changing the organization overall process will have a huge impact on all the employees and terminating the excess 10 employees will create an additional pressure on the work force. As mentioned above for the employees who are willing to travel from Kandy it is recommended to provide them with accommodation and other benefits.Naturally some of the employees will resign as a result of travelling distance problem, and it should be always kept in mind that this loyal work force have brought the company to its present situation, and it is recommended to keep all existing 65 employees. for future a good planned recruitment process should be laid down, educated people should be recruited and they should be properly trained to maximize the outputs. It is a good strategic decision to close down the Kand y plant provided content of the above report is taken in to consideration.

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Research Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Research Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist The Honest to Goodness Truth on Research Essay Samples Persuasive writing can be hard, especially whenever you're made to face with a close-minded audience. Another thing that you should think of before writing is your primary point. Adverts with a simple story, short length and very clear information will often interest the audience and permit them to continue to keep their concentration. For example, you get to figure own the positioning of the statement in addition to how to help it become arguable. Well everyone requires some kind of assistance from time to time. Among the places where I feel I have needed to use my critical thinking skills is in the region of gauging information on the Internet. Actually, besides getting a sample or help with only the subject, you can order an original customized paper from our qualified experts. Obviously, there's a lot which goes into p roducing a superior paper, which must reflect on the eventual price of the item. There are particular steps which you will need to comply with if you are prepared to create a compelling descriptive essay. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain affordable essay rather than writing it themselves. A literary analysis essay is a sort of essay which comprises an argumentative analysis of a bit of literature. The first job of the essay examination is an integrated undertaking. The success of the entire essay directly depends upon how good you present the supporting facts. Sample essay outlines can be viewed on the page to give more information regarding a literary essay and the way the components are placed to keep the structure of an essay. The second region of the essay is known as the independent job. The simplest approach to compose a decent persuasive essay is to chose a topic you're confident in. Well, drafting a descriptive essay might not be a simple feat to accomplish. The very best persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. A History of Research Essay Samples Refuted Literature is a strong force with the capability to influence who and how ordinary men and women love. If you neglect to submit your work punctually, you risk getting a reduced grade or needing to retake the full course. The second goal is to guard the crucial organs of the human body, like the brain, heart, lungs, and even the kidneys. Many students have a tendency to encounter the writing issues due to the shortage of suitable understanding. Details of Research Essay Samples You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. Students have to compose e ssays based on the teacher's instructions or their preferred style in writing. In most cases, they are not taught how to write good papers. Many students discover that it's quite hard to select the topic independently or understand how each kind of literature needs to be structured. Your cheap custom made college paper on Grants essay is going to be written from scratch, and therefore you do not need to fret about its originality. It is suggested to look for the one which has a fantastic reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive rates. Buy customized essays from us and you can't go wrong. Essay writing help provided by such on-line firms may also spend the sort of free samples of essays which are proficiently. Feel free to request adjustments if you believe that any portion of the paper fails to fulfill your expectations. Do not neglect to be aware the source for each evidence you're likely to utilize in your paper. Actually, besides asking for help with the subject, you may also request for a personalized paper, written based on the instructions as set out in your prompt. Order your authentic assignment from and you'll be impressed at how simple it is to finish an excellent custom paper within the shortest time possible! Any type of academic writing has to be organized in a variety of sections and paragraphs. From time to time, a teacher comes across that 1 essay that's perfectly written, all of the way from this issue, to the structure and content. Students can likewise be called upon frequently to be able to continue to keep their attention in the class. Research Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? Helping the needy is among the most crucial methods serve such interest. Folks tend to decide on a variety of themes of who they are and attempt to describe all of them. Friends aren't born overnight, but they may be lost almost as fast. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline.

Sibling Communication Essay - 5420 Words

December 12, 2012 Quantitative Research Sibling Communication Did you know that about 80% of individuals that have siblings spend at least one third of their life with their sibling or siblings? (Myers, page 309) That is a significant amount of time to spend with someone. Our group wanted to research how siblings communicate and how gender or age can affect this communication. As researchers, we felt that this topic was important to study because so much of our lives are spent with another. We wanted to look at a number of different areas; first, we wanted to know if same sex sibling dyads communicated more than opposite gender siblings. We also wanted to know if siblings with at least one female in the relationship affect†¦show more content†¦Research done by the Journal of Marriage Family has also shown that this principle stands true, however they believe that it is in any sibling dyad that has a female. As an alternative to the principle of femaleness, Fowler describes the ‘principle of sex commonality, ’ which â€Å"†¦suggests that communication in same gender sibling dyads would be more driven by relational motives (i.e. pleasure, affection, inclusion, and relaxation) than communication in mix gender dyads.† (Fowler, 2009, p55) In other words, this principle is stating that the â€Å"closest dyads are those where both parties are the same gender.â€Å" (Fowler, 2009, p55) This is also beneficial to our research because we can test validity of these theories through our investigation. Another theme that has been explored is the concept of older siblings as â€Å"orientational others† Kuhn defines this as â€Å"people to whom subjects are committed emotionally and psychologically, who provide subjects with a concept of self, and who influence a subject’s self-definition through communication. 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